Photo gallery: THE TERRIBLE SECRET OF 'AMERICA
Posted on Tuesday, March 15 @ 17:10:00 CDT by David Wednesday, March 16, 2011
Ladies Wearing Hose And Girdles
THE TERRIBLE SECRET OF 'AMERICA
Photo gallery: THE TERRIBLE SECRET OF 'AMERICA Posted on Tuesday, March 15 @ 17:10:00 CDT by David
Photo gallery: THE TERRIBLE SECRET OF 'AMERICA
Posted on Tuesday, March 15 @ 17:10:00 CDT by David SOURCE: DAILYMAIL.CO.UK
Some photos show how the U.S. performed experiments on prisoners and disabled citizens.
some photos have emerged that provide the terrible evidence that doctors in the United States government often performed experiments on American citizens and disabled prisoners.
These experiments consisted in the transmission of hepatitis such as the mentally ill in Connecticut, nell'intromissione of a pandemic influenza virus directly into the nostrils of prisoners in Maryland, the injection of cancer cells in the chronically ill hospital in New York .
Pictured is the Holmesburg prison, watchtower 2
Much of this horrible affair dates back to a period between 40 and 80 years ago, while constituting the background of a recent meeting of a presidential commission on bioethics in Washington.
Detainees "volunteers": In this photograph of 1966, the medical director Solomon McBride asks some questions to an individual who has clear signs in the Holmesburg Prison, Philadelphia. It is believed that the prisoners were forced.
The meeting was triggered by last year the government's apology for the syphilis infection of prisoners and mental patients by doctors in Guatemala federal 65 years ago.
U.S. officials have admitted dozens of similar experiments in America - studies that caused the illness in previously healthy individuals.
A search of the Associated Press about the news of medical journals and old newspaper clippings revealed more than 40 similar studies.
In the best cases it was research on life-saving treatment - at worst they were simply driven by curiosity - that harmed individuals but did not provide useful results.
Cavia held: In 1945, the doctors explained to him the army detained in a malaria-carrying mosquitoes in a section of the Stateville Penitentiary in Crest Hill, Illinois. The prisoners were enlisted to help the war effort.
All this recalls the infamous and deadly experiments conducted by Nazi doctors on Jews held in concentration camps.
And this is certainly comparable to the Tuskegee syphilis study, where medical officials of the United States followed 600 men in Alabama blacks already sick with syphilis, without giving them proper care though penicillin was available.
Arthur Caplan, director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania said: "When you send an individual to a disease - even by the standards of the time - is really beyond fundamental ethical norms of the profession. "
Most of the studies revealed recently, ranging from 40s to 60s, were apparently not treated by the media. As others spoke, but the focus was placed on promise of new cures stable, flying over the manner in which subjects were treated.
observation and Contagion: An army doctor looks at how the malaria-carrying mosquitoes bite the belly of the inmate Richard Knickerbockers, in service between 10 to 14 years in Stateville in 1945.
Many leading scientists believed it was legitimate to conduct experiments on people who did not enjoy full social rights - such as prisoners, mental patients or poor people of color.
Laura Stark, university researchers in Science in society at Wesleyan University - who is writing a book on federal medical experiments conducted in the past - said: "There was no doubt a sense - that we today do not have - according to which the sacrifice for the country was important. "
Though the people involved in the study were generally described as volunteers, historians and ethicists have often wondered if these people were aware of what was being done to them and why, and if they were forced.
Inmates have long been sacrificed for the sake of science. In 1915, the physician Joseph Goldberger of the United States government - now remembered as a hero of public health - recruited in Mississippi prisoners who could pay for a special power in order to prove his theory that the painful disease known as pellagra was caused by food shortage (the men involved were rewarded for their participation with grace).
Survivor: Edward Anthony was the guinea pig for some experiments during his detention in the Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia. While today this is considered a terrible practice, the doctors of the time did not believe that the experiments were going against morals ..
Holmesburg Prison
However, studies that used the prisoners were rare during the first decades of the twentieth century, and were generally conducted by researchers considered bizarre even by the standards of the time.
One of these was Dr. LL Stanley, the doctor inside of San Quentin prison in California around 1920 that tried to treat the elderly, "men devitalized" by transplanting the testicles of animals and people recently executed.
The newspapers spoke of the experiments of Stanley, but the surprising thing was the lack of general indignation.
In 1919 the Washington Post appeared a long article but happy that opened with: "Enter the prison at San Quentin, the Fountain of Youth - an institution where the years will be reduced for those with limited mental capacity and where the source of vitality and spirit will return to the mind, strength the muscles to the spirit and ambition. This has already happened and is happening even now .... thanks to a doctor with a scalpel. "
At the time of World War II, prisoners were called to join the war effort by taking part in studies to help the troops. One of these consisted of a series of studies on malaria conducted in the Stateville Penitentiary in Illinois, designed to test the anti-malarial drugs to help the soldiers who fought in the Pacific.
It was around this time that the persecution by the Nazi doctors led to the drafting of the Nuremberg Code of 1947, a set of international rules that protect individuals tested. Many U.S. doctors ignore them completely, insisting that the Nazi atrocities inspired more than to American medicine.
By the late '40s and all '50s saw a huge growth of the U.S. pharmaceutical and health care, accompanied by an increase in experiments on inmates funded by both government and private companies.
In the '60s, at least half of the states had given consent to use the prisoners as medical guinea pigs.
But two studies in the 60s caused a reversal of public opinion toward the decisive mode of treatment of individuals tested.
The first was discovered in 1963. The researchers injected cancer cells in nineteen, and debilitated patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in Brooklyn, New York - to check if their bodies would reject them.
The hospital director said that patients did not know that he had received an injection of tumor cells because it was not necessary. The cells were in fact considered harmless. But the experiment
upset Legal William Hyman, who covered up the board of the hospital.
The state investigated, and the hospital finally agreed that each would be similar experiment requires the written permission of the patient.
in nearby Staten Island, from 1963 to 1966, a controversial medical study was conducted at Willowbrook State School for children with mental retardation.
The children were intentionally infected with hepatitis or orally or by injection to test a possible cure to the gamma globulin.
These two studies - together revealed Tuskegee experiment in 1972 - recognized as the "terrible trio", aroused a wide interest and critical media and the indignation of the public, said Susan Reverby, a historian of Wellesley College who first discovered the recordings of the studies on syphilis in Guatemala.
In the early '70s, including the experiments involving the detainees were considered outrageous. While very much followed the convention of 1973, officials of the pharmaceutical industry conceded the use of prisoners in the trial, cheaper than chimpanzees.
The Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia made extensive use of prisoners in medical experiments. Some victims talk about it yet.
Edward Anthony, which is discussed in a book about the studies, said he agreed to treatment an area of \u200b\u200bskin on the back with searing products as part of the trial of a drug. He did it for the money to buy cigarettes in prison.
He talks about his reaction to the experiment, and says, 'I said' Oh my God, my back is on fire! Take away this stuff off "'
Mr. Anthony recalls the first few weeks the intense itching and painful pain.
The government responded with reforms. These include: the American Bureau of Prisons in the mid-'70s effectively forbade any kind of research by pharmaceutical companies and other outside agencies within federal prisons.
criminal Experiments: The experiments of Dr Josef Mengele (second left) and many others were condemned internationally for war crimes.
When stocks were exhausted and mentally ill inmates, the researchers turned to other countries.
This made sense. The experiments could be done more cheaply and follow fewer rules. And it was easy to find patients who were taking other drugs, a factor that could complicate testing of other drugs. Over time
were issued more fundamental ethical principles, but some believe that another study like the one in Guatemala is still possible.
Despite the outrage now, this has not stopped the continued experiments similar to that of Tuskegee.
In Uganda, U.S. doctors have not given AZT (the drug used in the case of AIDS) to pregnant women infected with HIV, even if that would protect infants from disease.
U.S. health officials have said that the study would answer some questions on the use of ATZ in the countries in the developing world.
Another study, conducted by Pzifer, administered an antibiotic called Trovan to children suffering from meningitis in Nigeria, though there were doubts about its effectiveness for that disease.
The experiment was considered by many responsible for the deaths of 11 children and for causing the disability many others.
Pzifer sued with the Nigerian administration to $ 75 million, but did not admit any liability.
was still discussing the case of searches conducted by Americans abroad when, last October, the firm was born in Guatemala.
study between 1946 and 1948, American scientists infected prisoners and patients with syphilis in a mental hospital, apparently to see if penicillin could prevent some sexually transmitted diseases. The study did not lead to any useful data and was hidden for decades.
a shocking LIST OF MEDICAL STUDIES CONDUCTED ON ... From America 'AMERICA
examining the past research The Associated Press has discovered / was aware that:
1) A federal study started in 1942 took care to inject an experimental vaccine against influenza patients in a mental state of men in Ypsilanti, Michigan, and then expose them to 'flu for several months.
The co-author was Dr. Jonas Salk, who a decade later would become famous for the invention of the polio vaccine. Some men were not able to describe their symptoms and, therefore, it raised several questions about what actually understood what was happening to them.
1) federal studies of the '40s, the noted researcher Dr. Paul Havens W Jnr exposed individuals hepatitis in a series of experiments. Among these, one used by mental patients who came to Middletown and Norwich, Connecticut.
Dr. Havens, an expert on viral diseases, the World Health Organization, was one of the first scientists to differentiate the various types of hepatitis and their causes.
3) In the mid-40s, some researchers studied the transmission of a deadly germ in the stomach by ingesting faeces of young unfiltered. The study was conducted in New York State Vocational Institution, a reform school in West Coxsackie. The aim was to see how the disease is spread through ingestion.
The study does not reveal whether the men were rewarded after this terrible task.
1) In the late '40s during a study by the University of Minnesota malaria was transmitted to 11 volunteers, employees of public service. Later they were forced to starvation for five days and some were also subjected to forced labor. Finally, they were treated for malaria with quinine sulfate.
One of the authors was Ancel Keys, a famous scientist who discovered the power K rations for the army and the Mediterranean diet for the population.
1) During a study of 1957, when the Asian flu epidemic was spreading, federal researchers did inhale the virus at 23 Patuxent inmates to prison in Jessup, Md.. to compare their responses with those of 32 other prisoners who had been exposed to the virus and who received a new vaccine.
6) Researchers at the government tried during an experiment conducted in a federal prison in Atlanta in the '50s, to transmit gonorrhea to a dozen prisoners volunteers using two different methods. But the researchers noted that their methods were not comparable to the ways in which people normally infecting - ie engage in sexual relations with an infected partner. However, it was too late for the men who were already infected.
Source: www.dailymail.co.uk
Link: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1361275/Americas-shocking-secret-US-experimented-disabled-citizens-prison-inmates . html 28/03/2011
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